Cogeneration Equipment - Global Market Outlook (2017-2026)
According to Stratistics MRC, the Global Cogeneration Equipment Market is expected to grow at a CAGR of 5.4% during the forecast period. Some of the key factors influencing the market growth growing demand for energy efficiency in the industries and rising use of natural gas for power generation. However, high installation and maintenance cost is restraining the market growth. Some of the factors such as expansion of distributed power generation in North America and Asia Pacific are creating opportunities for the market growth in the future.
Cogeneration equipment is use to concurrently produce both heat energy and electricity from a single fuel source such as natural gas, biomass, wood, coal, waste heat, or oil. It can operate at levels as high as 77% to 81% as compared to around 46% efficiency of conventional systems and they can decrease carbon emissions by up to 29% as compared to conventional systems.
By technology, the steam turbine segment has witnessed the significant growth during the forecast period due to simple design and cost-effectiveness and mainly preferred technology for industrial purposes particularly among paper and pulp sectors. By Geography, Asia Pacific region holds the largest market share during the forecast period owing to growing CHP systems demand from industrial sector in emerging countries.
Some of the key players in this market include Rolls Royce Plc, Kawasaki Heavy Industries Ltd, Mitsubishi Heavy Industries Ltd., Innovative Steam Technologies, ANDRITZ Energy & Environment GmbH, Bosh Thermotechnology Limited, Foster Wheeler AG, Siemens AG, Clarke Energy, Aegis Energy Services, Inc., 2G Energy Inc., BDR Thermea, Capstone Turbine Corporation, ABB Group and Baxi Group.
Technologies Covered:
• Steam Turbine
• Gas Turbine
• Reciprocating Engine
• Combined Cycle Gas Turbine
• Electric Generators
• Heat Recovery Steam Generators (HRSG)
• Boilers and Reciprocating Engines
• Other Technologies
Capacity Covered:
• Upto 30 MW
• 31MW -60 MW
• 61 MW- 100 MW
Fuels Covered:
• Coal
• Biomass
• Natural Gas
• Non-Fossil Fuels
• Other Fuels
Applications Covered:
• Industrial
• Commercial
• Residential
Regions Covered:
- North America
- US
- Canada
- Mexico
- Europe
- Germany
- UK
- Italy
- France
- Spain
- Rest of Europe
- Asia Pacific
- Japan
- China
- India
- Australia
- New Zealand
- South Korea
- Rest of Asia Pacific
- South America
- Argentina
- Brazil
- Chile
- Rest of South America
- Middle East & Africa
- Saudi Arabia
- UAE
- Qatar
- South Africa
- Rest of Middle East & Africa
What our report offers:
- Market share assessments for the regional and country level segments
- Strategic recommendations for the new entrants
- Market forecasts for a minimum of 9 years of all the mentioned segments, sub segments and the regional markets
- Market Trends (Drivers, Constraints, Opportunities, Threats, Challenges, Investment Opportunities, and recommendations)
- Strategic analysis: Drivers and Constraints, Product/Technology Analysis, Porter’s five forces analysis, SWOT analysis etc.
- Strategic recommendations in key business segments based on the market estimations
- Competitive landscaping mapping the key common trends
- Company profiling with detailed strategies, financials, and recent developments
- Supply chain trends mapping the latest technological advancements
Free Customization Offerings:
All the customers of this report will be entitled to receive one of the following free customization options:
• Company Profiling
o Comprehensive profiling of additional market players (up to 3)
o SWOT Analysis of key players (up to 3)
• Regional Segmentation
o Market estimations, Forecasts and CAGR of any prominent country as per the clients interest (Note: Depends of feasibility check)
• Competitive Benchmarking
o Benchmarking of key players based on product portfolio, geographical presence, and strategic alliances
Table of Contents
1 Executive Summary
2 Preface
2.1 Abstract
2.2 Stake Holders
2.3 Research Scope
2.4 Research Methodology
2.4.1 Data Mining
2.4.2 Data Analysis
2.4.3 Data Validation
2.4.4 Research Approach
2.5 Research Sources
2.5.1 Primary Research Sources
2.5.2 Secondary Research Sources
2.5.3 Assumptions
3 Market Trend Analysis
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Drivers
3.3 Restraints
3.4 Opportunities
3.5 Threats
3.6 Technology Analysis
3.7 Application Analysis
3.8 Emerging Markets
3.9 Futuristic Market Scenario
4 Porters Five Force Analysis
4.1 Bargaining power of suppliers
4.2 Bargaining power of buyers
4.3 Threat of substitutes
4.4 Threat of new entrants
4.5 Competitive rivalry
5 Global Cogeneration Equipment Market, By Technology
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Steam Turbine
5.3 Gas Turbine
5.4 Reciprocating Engine
5.5 Combined Cycle Gas Turbine
5.6 Electric Generators
5.7 Heat Recovery Steam Generators (HRSG)
5.8 Boilers and Reciprocating Engines
5.9 Other Technologies
6 Global Cogeneration Equipment Market, By Capacity
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Upto 30 MW
6.3 31MW -60 MW
6.4 61 MW- 100 MW
7 Global Cogeneration Equipment Market, By Fuel
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Coal
7.3 Biomass
7.4 Natural Gas
7.5 Non-Fossil Fuels
7.6 Other Fuels
8 Global Cogeneration Equipment Market, By Application
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Industrial
8.3 Commercial
8.4 Residential
9 Global Cogeneration Equipment Market, By Geography
9.1 Introduction
9.2 North America
9.2.1 US
9.2.2 Canada
9.2.3 Mexico
9.3 Europe
9.3.1 Germany
9.3.2 UK
9.3.3 Italy
9.3.4 France
9.3.5 Spain
9.3.6 Rest of Europe
9.4 Asia Pacific
9.4.1 Japan
9.4.2 China
9.4.3 India
9.4.4 Australia
9.4.5 New Zealand
9.4.6 South Korea
9.4.7 Rest of Asia Pacific
9.5 South America
9.5.1 Argentina
9.5.2 Brazil
9.5.3 Chile
9.5.4 Rest of South America
9.6 Middle East & Africa
9.6.1 Saudi Arabia
9.6.2 UAE
9.6.3 Qatar
9.6.4 South Africa
9.6.5 Rest of Middle East & Africa
10 Key Developments
10.1 Agreements, Partnerships, Collaborations and Joint Ventures
10.2 Acquisitions & Mergers
10.3 New Product Launch
10.4 Expansions
10.5 Other Key Strategies
11 Company Profiling
11.1 Rolls Royce Plc
11.2 Kawasaki Heavy Industries Ltd
11.3 Mitsubishi Heavy Industries Ltd.
11.4 Innovative Steam Technologies
11.5 ANDRITZ Energy & Environment GmbH
11.6 Bosh Thermotechnology Limited
11.7 Foster Wheeler AG
11.8 Siemens AG
11.9 Clarke Energy
11.10 Aegis Energy Services, Inc.
11.11 2G Energy Inc.
11.12 BDR Thermea
11.13 Capstone Turbine Corporation
11.14 ABB Group
11.15 Baxi Group
List of Tables
1 Global Cogeneration Equipment Market Outlook, By Region (2016-2026) (US $MN)
2 Global Cogeneration Equipment Market Outlook, By Technology (2016-2026) (US $MN)
3 Global Cogeneration Equipment Market Outlook, By Steam Turbine (2016-2026) (US $MN)
4 Global Cogeneration Equipment Market Outlook, By Gas Turbine (2016-2026) (US $MN)
5 Global Cogeneration Equipment Market Outlook, By Reciprocating Engine (2016-2026) (US $MN)
6 Global Cogeneration Equipment Market Outlook, By Combined Cycle Gas Turbine (2016-2026) (US $MN)
7 Global Cogeneration Equipment Market Outlook, By Electric Generators (2016-2026) (US $MN)
8 Global Cogeneration Equipment Market Outlook, By Heat Recovery Steam Generators (HRSG) (2016-2026) (US $MN)
9 Global Cogeneration Equipment Market Outlook, By Boilers and Reciprocating Engines (2016-2026) (US $MN)
10 Global Cogeneration Equipment Market Outlook, By Other Technologies (2016-2026) (US $MN)
11 Global Cogeneration Equipment Market Outlook, By Capacity (2016-2026) (US $MN)
12 Global Cogeneration Equipment Market Outlook, By Upto 30 MW (2016-2026) (US $MN)
13 Global Cogeneration Equipment Market Outlook, By 31MW -60 MW (2016-2026) (US $MN)
14 Global Cogeneration Equipment Market Outlook, By 61 MW- 100 MW (2016-2026) (US $MN)
15 Global Cogeneration Equipment Market Outlook, By Fuel (2016-2026) (US $MN)
16 Global Cogeneration Equipment Market Outlook, By Coal (2016-2026) (US $MN)
17 Global Cogeneration Equipment Market Outlook, By Biomass (2016-2026) (US $MN)
18 Global Cogeneration Equipment Market Outlook, By Natural Gas (2016-2026) (US $MN)
19 Global Cogeneration Equipment Market Outlook, By Non-Fossil Fuels (2016-2026) (US $MN)
20 Global Cogeneration Equipment Market Outlook, By Other Fuels (2016-2026) (US $MN)
21 Global Cogeneration Equipment Market Outlook, By Application (2016-2026) (US $MN)
22 Global Cogeneration Equipment Market Outlook, By Industrial (2016-2026) (US $MN)
23 Global Cogeneration Equipment Market Outlook, By Commercial (2016-2026) (US $MN)
24 Global Cogeneration Equipment Market Outlook, By Residential (2016-2026) (US $MN)
25 North America Cogeneration Equipment Market Outlook, By Country (2016-2026) (US $MN)
26 North America Cogeneration Equipment Market Outlook, By Technology (2016-2026) (US $MN)
27 North America Cogeneration Equipment Market Outlook, By Steam Turbine (2016-2026) (US $MN)
28 North America Cogeneration Equipment Market Outlook, By Gas Turbine (2016-2026) (US $MN)
29 North America Cogeneration Equipment Market Outlook, By Reciprocating Engine (2016-2026) (US $MN)
30 North America Cogeneration Equipment Market Outlook, By Combined Cycle Gas Turbine (2016-2026) (US $MN)
31 North America Cogeneration Equipment Market Outlook, By Electric Generators (2016-2026) (US $MN)
32 North America Cogeneration Equipment Market Outlook, By Heat Recovery Steam Generators (HRSG) (2016-2026) (US $MN)
33 North America Cogeneration Equipment Market Outlook, By Boilers and Reciprocating Engines (2016-2026) (US $MN)
34 North America Cogeneration Equipment Market Outlook, By Other Technologies (2016-2026) (US $MN)
35 North America Cogeneration Equipment Market Outlook, By Capacity (2016-2026) (US $MN)
36 North America Cogeneration Equipment Market Outlook, By Upto 30 MW (2016-2026) (US $MN)
37 North America Cogeneration Equipment Market Outlook, By 31MW -60 MW (2016-2026) (US $MN)
38 North America Cogeneration Equipment Market Outlook, By 61 MW- 100 MW (2016-2026) (US $MN)
39 North America Cogeneration Equipment Market Outlook, By Fuel (2016-2026) (US $MN)
40 North America Cogeneration Equipment Market Outlook, By Coal (2016-2026) (US $MN)
41 North America Cogeneration Equipment Market Outlook, By Biomass (2016-2026) (US $MN)
42 North America Cogeneration Equipment Market Outlook, By Natural Gas (2016-2026) (US $MN)
43 North America Cogeneration Equipment Market Outlook, By Non-Fossil Fuels (2016-2026) (US $MN)
44 North America Cogeneration Equipment Market Outlook, By Other Fuels (2016-2026) (US $MN)
45 North America Cogeneration Equipment Market Outlook, By Application (2016-2026) (US $MN)
46 North America Cogeneration Equipment Market Outlook, By Industrial (2016-2026) (US $MN)
47 North America Cogeneration Equipment Market Outlook, By Commercial (2016-2026) (US $MN)
48 North America Cogeneration Equipment Market Outlook, By Residential (2016-2026) (US $MN)
49 Europe Cogeneration Equipment Market Outlook, By Country (2016-2026) (US $MN)
50 Europe Cogeneration Equipment Market Outlook, By Technology (2016-2026) (US $MN)
51 Europe Cogeneration Equipment Market Outlook, By Steam Turbine (2016-2026) (US $MN)
52 Europe Cogeneration Equipment Market Outlook, By Gas Turbine (2016-2026) (US $MN)
53 Europe Cogeneration Equipment Market Outlook, By Reciprocating Engine (2016-2026) (US $MN)
54 Europe Cogeneration Equipment Market Outlook, By Combined Cycle Gas Turbine (2016-2026) (US $MN)
55 Europe Cogeneration Equipment Market Outlook, By Electric Generators (2016-2026) (US $MN)
56 Europe Cogeneration Equipment Market Outlook, By Heat Recovery Steam Generators (HRSG) (2016-2026) (US $MN)
57 Europe Cogeneration Equipment Market Outlook, By Boilers and Reciprocating Engines (2016-2026) (US $MN)
58 Europe Cogeneration Equipment Market Outlook, By Other Technologies (2016-2026) (US $MN)
59 Europe Cogeneration Equipment Market Outlook, By Capacity (2016-2026) (US $MN)
60 Europe Cogeneration Equipment Market Outlook, By Upto 30 MW (2016-2026) (US $MN)
61 Europe Cogeneration Equipment Market Outlook, By 31MW -60 MW (2016-2026) (US $MN)
62 Europe Cogeneration Equipment Market Outlook, By 61 MW- 100 MW (2016-2026) (US $MN)
63 Europe Cogeneration Equipment Market Outlook, By Fuel (2016-2026) (US $MN)
64 Europe Cogeneration Equipment Market Outlook, By Coal (2016-2026) (US $MN)
65 Europe Cogeneration Equipment Market Outlook, By Biomass (2016-2026) (US $MN)
66 Europe Cogeneration Equipment Market Outlook, By Natural Gas (2016-2026) (US $MN)
67 Europe Cogeneration Equipment Market Outlook, By Non-Fossil Fuels (2016-2026) (US $MN)
68 Europe Cogeneration Equipment Market Outlook, By Other Fuels (2016-2026) (US $MN)
69 Europe Cogeneration Equipment Market Outlook, By Application (2016-2026) (US $MN)
70 Europe Cogeneration Equipment Market Outlook, By Industrial (2016-2026) (US $MN)
71 Europe Cogeneration Equipment Market Outlook, By Commercial (2016-2026) (US $MN)
72 Europe Cogeneration Equipment Market Outlook, By Residential (2016-2026) (US $MN)
73 Asia Pacific Cogeneration Equipment Market Outlook, By Country (2016-2026) (US $MN)
74 Asia Pacific Cogeneration Equipment Market Outlook, By Technology (2016-2026) (US $MN)
75 Asia Pacific Cogeneration Equipment Market Outlook, By Steam Turbine (2016-2026) (US $MN)
76 Asia Pacific Cogeneration Equipment Market Outlook, By Gas Turbine (2016-2026) (US $MN)
77 Asia Pacific Cogeneration Equipment Market Outlook, By Reciprocating Engine (2016-2026) (US $MN)
78 Asia Pacific Cogeneration Equipment Market Outlook, By Combined Cycle Gas Turbine (2016-2026) (US $MN)
79 Asia Pacific Cogeneration Equipment Market Outlook, By Electric Generators (2016-2026) (US $MN)
80 Asia Pacific Cogeneration Equipment Market Outlook, By Heat Recovery Steam Generators (HRSG) (2016-2026) (US $MN)
81 Asia Pacific Cogeneration Equipment Market Outlook, By Boilers and Reciprocating Engines (2016-2026) (US $MN)
82 Asia Pacific Cogeneration Equipment Market Outlook, By Other Technologies (2016-2026) (US $MN)
83 Asia Pacific Cogeneration Equipment Market Outlook, By Capacity (2016-2026) (US $MN)
84 Asia Pacific Cogeneration Equipment Market Outlook, By Upto 30 MW (2016-2026) (US $MN)
85 Asia Pacific Cogeneration Equipment Market Outlook, By 31MW -60 MW (2016-2026) (US $MN)
86 Asia Pacific Cogeneration Equipment Market Outlook, By 61 MW- 100 MW (2016-2026) (US $MN)
87 Asia Pacific Cogeneration Equipment Market Outlook, By Fuel (2016-2026) (US $MN)
88 Asia Pacific Cogeneration Equipment Market Outlook, By Coal (2016-2026) (US $MN)
89 Asia Pacific Cogeneration Equipment Market Outlook, By Biomass (2016-2026) (US $MN)
90 Asia Pacific Cogeneration Equipment Market Outlook, By Natural Gas (2016-2026) (US $MN)
91 Asia Pacific Cogeneration Equipment Market Outlook, By Non-Fossil Fuels (2016-2026) (US $MN)
92 Asia Pacific Cogeneration Equipment Market Outlook, By Other Fuels (2016-2026) (US $MN)
93 Asia Pacific Cogeneration Equipment Market Outlook, By Application (2016-2026) (US $MN)
94 Asia Pacific Cogeneration Equipment Market Outlook, By Industrial (2016-2026) (US $MN)
95 Asia Pacific Cogeneration Equipment Market Outlook, By Commercial (2016-2026) (US $MN)
96 Asia Pacific Cogeneration Equipment Market Outlook, By Residential (2016-2026) (US $MN)
97 South America Cogeneration Equipment Market Outlook, By Country (2016-2026) (US $MN)
98 South America Cogeneration Equipment Market Outlook, By Technology (2016-2026) (US $MN)
99 South America Cogeneration Equipment Market Outlook, By Steam Turbine (2016-2026) (US $MN)
100 South America Cogeneration Equipment Market Outlook, By Gas Turbine (2016-2026) (US $MN)
101 South America Cogeneration Equipment Market Outlook, By Reciprocating Engine (2016-2026) (US $MN)
102 South America Cogeneration Equipment Market Outlook, By Combined Cycle Gas Turbine (2016-2026) (US $MN)
103 South America Cogeneration Equipment Market Outlook, By Electric Generators (2016-2026) (US $MN)
104 South America Cogeneration Equipment Market Outlook, By Heat Recovery Steam Generators (HRSG) (2016-2026) (US $MN)
105 South America Cogeneration Equipment Market Outlook, By Boilers and Reciprocating Engines (2016-2026) (US $MN)
106 South America Cogeneration Equipment Market Outlook, By Other Technologies (2016-2026) (US $MN)
107 South America Cogeneration Equipment Market Outlook, By Capacity (2016-2026) (US $MN)
108 South America Cogeneration Equipment Market Outlook, By Upto 30 MW (2016-2026) (US $MN)
109 South America Cogeneration Equipment Market Outlook, By 31MW -60 MW (2016-2026) (US $MN)
110 South America Cogeneration Equipment Market Outlook, By 61 MW- 100 MW (2016-2026) (US $MN)
111 South America Cogeneration Equipment Market Outlook, By Fuel (2016-2026) (US $MN)
112 South America Cogeneration Equipment Market Outlook, By Coal (2016-2026) (US $MN)
113 South America Cogeneration Equipment Market Outlook, By Biomass (2016-2026) (US $MN)
114 South America Cogeneration Equipment Market Outlook, By Natural Gas (2016-2026) (US $MN)
115 South America Cogeneration Equipment Market Outlook, By Non-Fossil Fuels (2016-2026) (US $MN)
116 South America Cogeneration Equipment Market Outlook, By Other Fuels (2016-2026) (US $MN)
117 South America Cogeneration Equipment Market Outlook, By Application (2016-2026) (US $MN)
118 South America Cogeneration Equipment Market Outlook, By Industrial (2016-2026) (US $MN)
119 South America Cogeneration Equipment Market Outlook, By Commercial (2016-2026) (US $MN)
120 South America Cogeneration Equipment Market Outlook, By Residential (2016-2026) (US $MN)
121 Middle East & Africa Cogeneration Equipment Market Outlook, By Country (2016-2026) (US $MN)
122 Middle East & Africa Cogeneration Equipment Market Outlook, By Technology (2016-2026) (US $MN)
123 Middle East & Africa Cogeneration Equipment Market Outlook, By Steam Turbine (2016-2026) (US $MN)
124 Middle East & Africa Cogeneration Equipment Market Outlook, By Gas Turbine (2016-2026) (US $MN)
125 Middle East & Africa Cogeneration Equipment Market Outlook, By Reciprocating Engine (2016-2026) (US $MN)
126 Middle East & Africa Cogeneration Equipment Market Outlook, By Combined Cycle Gas Turbine (2016-2026) (US $MN)
127 Middle East & Africa Cogeneration Equipment Market Outlook, By Electric Generators (2016-2026) (US $MN)
128 Middle East & Africa Cogeneration Equipment Market Outlook, By Heat Recovery Steam Generators (HRSG) (2016-2026) (US $MN)
129 Middle East & Africa Cogeneration Equipment Market Outlook, By Boilers and Reciprocating Engines (2016-2026) (US $MN)
130 Middle East & Africa Cogeneration Equipment Market Outlook, By Other Technologies (2016-2026) (US $MN)
131 Middle East & Africa Cogeneration Equipment Market Outlook, By Capacity (2016-2026) (US $MN)
132 Middle East & Africa Cogeneration Equipment Market Outlook, By Upto 30 MW (2016-2026) (US $MN)
133 Middle East & Africa Cogeneration Equipment Market Outlook, By 31MW -60 MW (2016-2026) (US $MN)
134 Middle East & Africa Cogeneration Equipment Market Outlook, By 61 MW- 100 MW (2016-2026) (US $MN)
135 Middle East & Africa Cogeneration Equipment Market Outlook, By Fuel (2016-2026) (US $MN)
136 Middle East & Africa Cogeneration Equipment Market Outlook, By Coal (2016-2026) (US $MN)
137 Middle East & Africa Cogeneration Equipment Market Outlook, By Biomass (2016-2026) (US $MN)
138 Middle East & Africa Cogeneration Equipment Market Outlook, By Natural Gas (2016-2026) (US $MN)
139 Middle East & Africa Cogeneration Equipment Market Outlook, By Non-Fossil Fuels (2016-2026) (US $MN)
140 Middle East & Africa Cogeneration Equipment Market Outlook, By Other Fuels (2016-2026) (US $MN)
141 Middle East & Africa Cogeneration Equipment Market Outlook, By Application (2016-2026) (US $MN)
142 Middle East & Africa Cogeneration Equipment Market Outlook, By Industrial (2016-2026) (US $MN)
143 Middle East & Africa Cogeneration Equipment Market Outlook, By Commercial (2016-2026) (US $MN)
144 Middle East & Africa Cogeneration Equipment Market Outlook, By Residential (2016-2026) (US $MN)
Frequently Asked Questions
In case of any queries regarding this report, you can contact the customer service by filing the “Inquiry Before Buy” form available on the right hand side. You may also contact us through email: info@strategymrc.com or phone: +1-301-202-5929
Yes, the samples are available for all the published reports. You can request them by filling the “Request Sample” option available in this page.
Yes, you can request a sample with your specific requirements. All the customized samples will be provided as per the requirement with the real data masked.
All our reports are available in Digital PDF format. In case if you require them in any other formats, such as PPT, Excel etc you can submit a request through “Inquiry Before Buy” form available on the right hand side. You may also contact us through email: info@strategymrc.com or phone: +1-301-202-5929
We offer a free 15% customization with every purchase. This requirement can be fulfilled for both pre and post sale. You may send your customization requirements through email at info@strategymrc.com or call us on +1-301-202-5929.
We have 3 different licensing options available in electronic format.
- Single User Licence: Allows one person, typically the buyer, to have access to the ordered product. The ordered product cannot be distributed to anyone else.
- 2-5 User Licence: Allows the ordered product to be shared among a maximum of 5 people within your organisation.
- Corporate License: Allows the product to be shared among all employees of your organisation regardless of their geographical location.
All our reports are typically be emailed to you as an attachment.
To order any available report you need to register on our website. The payment can be made either through CCAvenue or PayPal payments gateways which accept all international cards.
We extend our support to 6 months post sale. A post sale customization is also provided to cover your unmet needs in the report.
Request Customization
We provide a free 15% customization on every purchase. This requirement can be fulfilled for both pre and post sale. You may send your customization requirements through email at info@strategymrc.com or call us on +1-301-202-5929.
Note: This customization is absolutely free until it falls under the 15% bracket. If your requirement exceeds this a feasibility check will be performed. Post that, a quote will be provided along with the timelines.
WHY CHOOSE US ?

Assured Quality
Best in class reports with high standard of research integrity

24X7 Research Support
Continuous support to ensure the best customer experience.

Free Customization
Adding more values to your product of interest.

Safe & Secure Access
Providing a secured environment for all online transactions.

Trusted by 600+ Brands
Serving the most reputed brands across the world.